Efeitos da suplementação de probióticos sobre o desempenho esportivo: uma revisão narrativa
Resumo
A microbiota intestinal é caracterizada pelo conjunto de micro-organismos (bactérias, fungos, leveduras, fagos e protozoários) que naturalmente habitam o trato gastrointestinal de seres humanos e animais. A diversidade e qualidade da microbiota intestinal estão diretamente relacionadas com os hábitos alimentares, bem como ao nível de treinamento dos indivíduos. O exercício físico moderado parece promover uma maior diversidade microbiana intestinal, além de uma série de reações anti-inflamatórias, melhora do metabolismo dos carboidratos e prevenção de doenças associadas ao sedentarismo. Entretanto, o exercício físico em excesso promove a alteração ou desequilíbrio da microbiota (disbiose) e favorece o aumento da permeabilidade da barreira intestinal (leaky gut). Esta condição está relacionada com o aumento de citocinas pró inflamatórias e produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), imunossupressão e até mesmo com o aumento da lesão das fibras musculares. A microbiota intestinal pode auxiliar na redução do estresse oxidativo ocasionado pelo exercício excessivo. Algumas cepas de bactérias apresentam propriedades antioxidantes por meio da expressão de enzimas antioxidantes e modulação da inflamação causada por citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Tendo em vista os mecanismos envolvidos entre o exercício físico e microbiota intestinal, a suplementação de cepas bacterianas parece impactar no desempenho esportivo dos atletas à medida que auxilia no controle da inflamação, nos processos de recuperação pós exercício e no suporte do sistema imunológico.
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