Glycerol: the doping nutrient?
Abstract
Glycerol is a rapidly absorbed alcohol. Their ingestion have been used for hiperhydratation. The present study aims to discuss, from the literary, datas that confirm glycerol's functions as a ergogenic and dopant nutrient. This is a systematic review carried out with articles selected in the electronic databases, Science Direct, Collection of the Library of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Periodics Capes, SciELO, PubMed and MEDLINE, using the descriptors "glycerol," "doping", "hyperhydration" and "physical exercise", separated by the Boolean operator "and". Articles published from 2002 to 2017 in multiple languages were included. The selected articles were randomized, double-blind, and cross-over studies. The studies evaluated were of short duration and participants had different characteristics, such as sex, type of sport practiced, age, dose and glycerol supplementation method. The results of the studies show that glycerol is capable of promoting water hydration and retention, however, few studies have shown an improvement in performance. There are divergence between the data presented by the studies. Therefore, we can conclude that there is insufficient data in the literature to define glycerol functions in athlete metabolism, especially in high heat exercises, as well as its interference in the detection of doping methods.
References
-Goulet, E.D.; Robert, R.A.; Labrecque, S.; Royer, D.; Dionne, I.J. Effect of glycerol-induced hyperhydration on thermoregulatory and cardiovascular functions and endurance performance during prolonged cycling in a 25 C environment. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. Vol. 31. Num. 2. 2006. p. 101-109.
-Koehler, K.; Braun, H.; Marees, M.; Geyer, H.; Thevis, M.; Mester, J.; Schaenzer, W. Glycerol administration before endurance exercise: metabolism, urinary glycerol excretion and effects on doping‐relevant blood parameters. Drug testing and analysis. Vol. 6. Num. 3. 2013. p. 202-209.
-Koehler, K.; Braun, H.; Marees, M.; Geyer, H.; Thevis, M.; Mester, J.; Schaenzer, W. Urinary excretion of exogenous glycerol administration at rest. Drug testing and analysis. Vol. 3. Num. 11-12.2011. p. 877-882.
-Kreider, R.B.; Wilborn, C.D.; Taylor, L.; Campbell, B.; Almada, A.L.; Collins, R.; Cooke, M.; Earnest, C.P.; Greenwood, M.; Kalman, D. S.; Kerksick, C.M; Kleiner, S. M.; Leutholz, B.; Lopez, H. Lowery, L. M.; Mendel, R.; Smith, A.; Spano, M.; Wildman, R.; Willoughby, D. S.; Ziegenfuss, T.N.; Antonio, J. ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Vol. 7. Num. 1. 2010. p. 7.
-Magal, M.; Webster, M.J.; Sistrunk, L.E.; Whitehead, M.T.; Evans, R.K.; Boyd, J.C. Comparison of glycerol and water hydration regimens on tennis-related performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. Vol. 35. Num. 1. 2003. p. 150-156.
-Marino, F.E.; Kay, D.; Cannon, J. Glycerol hyperhydration fails to improve endurance performance and thermoregulation in humans in a warm humid environment. Pflügers Archiv. Vol. 446. Num. 4. 2003. p. 455-462.
-Nelson, J.L.; Harmon, M.E.; Robergs, R. A. Identifying plasma glycerol concentration associated with urinary glycerol excretion in trained humans. Journal of analytical toxicology. Vol. 35. Num. 9. 2011. p. 617-623.
-Okano, M.; Nishitani, Y.; Dohi, M.; Kageyama, S. Effects of intravenous infusion of glycerol on blood parameters and urinary glycerol concentrations. Forensic science international. Vol. 262. 2016. p. 121-127.
-Polyviou, T. P.; Easton, C.; Beis, L.; Malkova, D.; Takas, P.; Hambly, C.; Pitsiladis, Y. P. Effects of glycerol and creatine hyperhydration on doping-relevant blood parameters. Nutrients. Vol. 4. Num. 9. 2012. p. 1171-1186.
-Van Rosendal, S. P.; Strobel, N. A.; Osborne, M. A.; Fassett, R. G.; Coombes, J. S. Hydration and endocrine responses to intravenous fluid and oral glycerol. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. Vol. 25. Num. S1. 2015. p. 112-125.
-Van Rosendal, S. P.; Coombes, J. S. Glycerol use in hyperhydration and rehydration: scientific update. In Acute Topics in Sport Nutrition. Vol. 59. 2013. p. 104-112.
-Van Rosendal, S.P.; Strobel, N. A.; Osborne, M. A.; Fassett, R. G.; Coombes, J. S. Performance benefits of rehydration with intravenous fluid and oral glycerol. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. Vol. 44. Num. 9. 2012. p. 1780-1790.
-Van Rosendal, S. P.; Osborne, M. A.; Fassett, R. G.; Coombes, J. S. Guidelines for glycerol use in hyperhydration and rehydration associated with exercise. Sports Medicine. Vol. 4. Num. 2. 2010. p. 113-139.
-WADA. World Anti-Doping Agency. World Anti-Doping Code. 2015.
-WADA. World Anti-Doping Agency. The prohibity lits 2016. Anti-doping code. Disponível em:<https://www.wada-ama.org/>. Acesso em: 07/11/2016.
-WADA. World Anti-Doping Agency. Decision limits for the confirmatory quantification of threshold substances, WADA threshold substances, WADA Technical Document–TD2014DL. 2014. Disponível em: <https://wada-main-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/resources/files/WADA-TD2014DL-v1-Decision-imits-for-the-Quantification-of-Threshold-Substances-EN.pdf> Acesso em: 07/11/2016
-Wingo, J.E.; Casa D.J.; Berger, E.M.; DEllis, W.O.; Knigth, J. C.; McClung, J.M.Influence of a pre-exercise glycerol hydration beverage on performance and physiologic function during mountain-bike races in the heat. Journal of athletic training. Vol. 39. Num. 2. 2004. p. 169.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
