The effect of a 6-months moderate-intensity walking exercise program on mental health, quality of life, and sleep subjective quality in non - active elderly people with type 2 diabetes
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a common, costly, and chronic disease that people with this disease have a lower level of health than other people. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a 6-months moderate-intensity walking exercise program on mental health, quality of life, and sleep subjective quality in non - active elderly people with type 2 diabetes. The method of this study was semi empirical with a design of pre-test-post-test with the control group. Forty subjects were purposely selected by the convenience sampling. Three standard questionnaires with a high validity and validity and an appropriate training protocol were used for a period of six months. The collected data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and One Way ANOVA. The results showed that there was no significant difference between variables before the intervention (P>0.05), but that there was a significant difference between the control and experimental groups after the intervention (p<0.05). The regular aerobic exercise can be an example of promotion programs for mental health in type 2 diabetic patients and it can be effective in the improvement of the quality of life and sleep subjective quality and in the reduction of the amount of glucose in the elderly people.
References
-Ahmadi, A.; Hasanzade, J.; Rahimi M. M., Lashkari, L. Factors influencing quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes and Bakhtiari province. North Khorasan Uni J Med Sci. Vol. 3. Num. 1. p.13-17. 2012.
-Ahmadi, E.; Shikh Alizadeh, S.; Shirmohamadzadeh, M. Experimental study of the effect of exercise on mental health of students. Tabriz University of Teacher Education. Vol. 29. p.19-29. 2006.
-Chia, Y.; Tung, P.; Chin, L.; Chang, M. Sleep quality among community-dwelling elderly people and its demographic, mental, and physical correlates. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association. Vol. 75. Num. 2. p. 75-80. 2011.
-Cooper, A.J.M.; Westgate, K.; Bragea, S.; Prevost, A. T.; Griffin, S.J.; Simmonsa, R.K. Sleep duration and cardio metabolic risk factors among individuals with type 2 diabetes. Sleep Medicine. p. 119-125. 2015.
-Crowley, K. Sleep and sleep disorders in older adults. Neuropsychol. Rev. Vol. 21. Num. 1. p. 41-53. 2011.
-Dua, J.S.; Cooper, A.R.; Fox, K.R.; Graham, S. A. Exercise training in adults with congenital heart disease: Feasibility and benefits. Int J Cardiol. Vol. 138. Num. 2. p. 196-205. 2010.
-Erlacher, C.; Erlacher, D.; Schredl, M. The effect of exercise on self-rated sleep among adults with chronic sleep complaints. Journal of Sport and Health Science. p. 1-10. 2014.
-Figueira, H.A.; Giani, T.S.; Beresford, H.; Ferreira, M.A.; Mello, D.; Figueira, A.A.; Figueira, J.A.; Dantas, E.H. Quality of life (QOL) axiological profile of the elderly population served by the Family Health Program (FHP) in Brazil. Arch Gerontol Geriat. Vol. 49. Num. 3. p. 368-372. 2009.
-Faraut, B.; Boudjeltia, K.Z.; Vanhamme, L.; Kerkhofs, M. Immune, inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of Sleep restriction and recovery. Sleep Med Rev. Vol. 16. Num. 2. p. 137-149. 2012.
-Fuentes, J.; Díaz, C. Analysis of heart rate during a tennis training session and its relationship with heart-healthy index. J Sport Health Res. Vol. 2. Num. 1. p. 26-34. 2010.
-Gilcrest, D.M.; Mayo, K. Type 2 Diabetes, Health Disparities and Exercise: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Multicultural Nursing & Health. Vol. 10. Num. 2. p. 62. 2004.
-Gill, J.M.; Cooper, A.R. Physical activity and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sports Medicine. Vol. 38. Num. 10. p. 807-824. 2008.
-Gram, B.; Christensen, R.; Christiansen, C.; Gram, J. Effects of nordic walking and exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Clin J Sport Med. Vol. 20. Num. 5. p.355-361. 2010.
-Hadipour, M.; Abolhasani, F.; Molavi Vardanjani, H.; Eybpoosh, S. Individual and environmental determinants of health related quality of life in Iranian patients with type II diabetes. Iran South Med J. Vol. 16. Num. 6. p. 428-435. 2014.
-Hayes, C.; Herbert, M.; Marrero, D.; Martins, C.; Muchnick, S. Diabetes and exercise. Diabetes Educ. Vol. 34. Num. 1. p. 37-40. 2008.
-Harrison, C.L.; Stepto, N.K.; Hutchison, S.K.; Teede, H.J. Impact of intensified exercise training on insulin resistance and fitness in obese women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Vol. 76. Num. 3. p. 351-357. 2012.
-Hoyt, L.T.; Chase-Lansdale, P.L.; McDade, T.W.; Adam, E.K. Positive youth, healthy adults: Does positive well-being in adolescence predict better perceived health and fewer risky health behaviors in young adulthood? J Adolesc Health. Vol. 50. Num. 1. p. 66-73. 2012.
-Hung, H.C.; Yang, Y.C.; Ou, H.Y.; Wu, J.S.; Lu, F.H.; Chang, C.J. The relationship between impaired fasting glucose and self-reported sleep quality in a Chinese population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Vol. 78. p. 24-51. 2013.
-Irwin, M.R.; Olmstead, R.; Motivala, S.J. Improving sleep quality in older adults with moderate sleep complaints: a randomized controlled trial of Tai Chi Chih. Sleep. Vol. 31. Num. 7. p. 1001-1008. 2008.
-Iwata, S.; Iwata, O.; Iemura, A.; Iwasaki, M., Matsuishi, T. Determinants of sleep patterns in healthy Japanese 5-year-old children. Int J Dev Neurosci. Vol. 29. Num. 1. p. 57-62. 2011.
-Kathryn, J. Aerobic exercise improves self-reported sleep and quality of life in older adults with insomnia. Sleep Med. available in PMC 2011. 2011.
-Kawano, Y. Association of jobrelated stress factors with psychological & somatic symptoms among Japanese hospital nurses: effect of departmental environment in acute care hospitals. JOccup Health. Vol. 50. Num. 1. p. 85-79. 2008.
-Keykha, M.; Janghorbani, M.; Amini, M. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors Pyshdyabt and their first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes. J Kerman Uni Med Sci. Vol. 20. Num. 2. p. 115-128. 2013.
-Lang, C.; Brand, S.; Feldmeth, A.K.; Holsboer-Trachsler, E.; Pühse, U.; Gerber, M. GerberIncreased self-reported and objectively assessed physical activity predict sleep quality among adolescents. Physiology & Behavior. Vol. 120. p. 46-53. 2013.
-Larijani, B. Diabetes and exercise. Tehran, Iran: Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism. p. 4-15. 2010.
-LeMura, L.M.; Von Duvillard, S.P. Clinical exercise physiology: application and physiological principles. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
-Lincoln, A.K.; Shepherd, A.; Johnson, P.L.; Castaneda-Sceppa, C. The impact of resistance exercise training on the mental health of older Puerto Rican adults with type 2 diabetes. J Gerontol Series B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. Vol. 66. Num. 5. p. 567-570. 2011.
-Lira, F.S.; Pimentel, G.D.; Santos, R.V.; Oyama, L.M.; Damaso, A.R.; Oller do Nascimento, C.M.; Viana, V.A.; Boscolo, R.A.; Grassmann, V.; Santana, M.G.; Esteves, A.M.; Tufik, S.; de Mello, M.T. Exercise training improves sleep pattern and metabolic profile in elderly people in a timedependent manner. Health and Disease. Vol. 10. p. 1-6. 2011a.
-Lira, F.S.; Rosa, J.C.; Dos Santos, R.V.; Venancio, D.P.; Carnier, J.; Sanches Pde, L.; Nascimento, C.M.; de Piano, A.; Tock, L.; Tufik, S.; de Mello, M.T.; Dâmaso, A.R.; Oyama, L.M. Visceral fat decreased by long-term interdisciplinary lifestyle therapy correlated positively with interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and negatively with adiponectin levels in obese adolescents. Metabolism. Vol. 60. p.359-365. 2001b.
-Maller, C.; Townsend, M.; Pryor, A.; Brown, P.; Leger, L. Healthy nature healthy people: contact with nature' as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. Health Promot. Int. Vol. 21. p. 45-54. 2006.
-Mehtiyev, T. Stress, anxiety, depression and erectile dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Georgian Med News. Vol. 220. p. 77-81. 2012.
-McNeil, J.; Doucet, É.; Chaput, J.P. Inadequate Sleep as a Contributor to Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. Vol. 37. p. 103-108. 2011.
-Micklesfield, L.; Rosenberg, L.; Cooper D.; Hoffman, M, Kalla, A., Stander, E. Lambert. Bone mineral density and life time physical activity in South African women. Calcif Tissue int. Vol. 73. p. 463-469. 2003.
-Morgan, A.J.; Parker, A.G.; Alvarez-Jimenez, M.; Jorm, A.F. Exercise and Mental Health: An Exercise and Sports Science Australia Commissioned Review. J Exerc Physiol Online. Vol. 16. Num. 4. p. 22-35. 2013.
-Nakajima, H.; Kaneita, Y.; Yokoyama, E.; Harano, S.; Tamaki, T.; Ibuka, E.; Kaneko, A.; Takahashi, I.; Umeda, T.; Nakaji, S.; Ohida, T. Association between sleep duration and hemoglobin A1C level. Sleep Med. Vol. 9. p. 745-752. 2008.
-Nilsson, K.; Sangster, M.; Konijnendijk, C. C. Introduction. In K. Nilsson, M. sangester, C. Gallis, T. Hartig, S. de Vries, K. Seeland, and collaborators (Eds.), Forests, trees and human health. pp. 1-19. Springer Netherlands. 2011.
-Passos, G.S.; Poyares, D.; Santana, M.G.; Garbuio, S.A.; Tufik, S.; Mello, M.T. Effect of acute physical exercise on patients with chronic primary insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med. Vol. 6. p. 270-275. 2010.
-Peters, K.E.; Chubb, S.A.; Davis, W.A.; Davis, T.M. The Relationship between Hypomagnesaemia, Metformin Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease Complicating Type 2 Diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study. PLoS One. Vol. 8. Num. 9. p.74355. 2013.
-Petersen, A.M.; Pedersen, B.K. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol. Vol. 98. p. 1154-1162. 2005.
-Reid, R.; Tulloch, H.; Sigal, R.; Kenny, G.; Fortier, M.; McDonnell, L.; and collaborators. Effects of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise or both, on patient-reported health status and well-being in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial. Diabetologia. Vol. 53. Num. 4. p. 632-640. 2010.
-Santos, R.V.; Tufik, S.; de Mello, M.T. Exercise, sleep and cytokines: is there a relation? Sleep Med Rev. Vol. 11. p. 231-239. 2007.
-Sardar, M.A.; Sohrabi, M.; Shamsian, A.A.; Aminzade, R. Effects of aerobic exercise training on the mental and physical health and social functioning of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Iran J Endocrinol Metab. Vol. 11. Num. 3. p. 251-256. 2010.
-Schuch, F.B.; Vasconcelos-Moreno, M.P.; Fleck, M.P. The impact of exercise on quality of life within exercise and depression trials: A systematic review. Mental Health and Physical Activity. Vol. 4. Num. 2. p. 43-48. 2011.
-Sebbani, M.; Adarmouch, L.; Elansar, N.; Elmghari, G.; Amine, M. An audit of type 2 diabetes management in a diabetes center in Marrakech. Sante Publique. Vol. 25. p. 3. p. 325-330. 2012.
-Seferoğlu, F.; Åžahan, A.; Karaman, T.; Erman, A. The relationship between tennis skill acquisitions with sleep quality and quality of life. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. Vol. 93. p. 1811-1814. 2013.
-Shamsi, M.; Sharifirad, G.; Kachoyee, A.; Hassanzadeh, A. The Effect of Educational Program Walking Based on Health Belief Model on Control Suger in Woman by Type 2 Diabetics]. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism. Vol. 11. Num. 5. p. 491-495. 2010.
-Shahrjerdi, S.H.; Shavandi, N.; Golpaigani, M.; Sheikh, Hosseini, R. Impact strength and resistance training on glycemic control, quality of life and mental health in women with type 2 diabetes. Iran J Diabetes Metab. Vol. 9. Num. 1. p. 35-44. 2010.
-Sharma, M.; Knowlden, A.P. Role of yoga in preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. Vol. 17. Num. 2. p. 88-95. 2012.
-Stroth, S.; Reinhardt, R.K.; Thone, J.; Hille, K.; Schneider, M.; Härtel, S.; Weidemann, W.; Bös, K.; Spitzer, M. Impact of aerobic exercise training on cognitive functions and affect associated to the COMT polymorphism in young adults. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Vol. 94. Num. 3. p. 364-372. 2010.
-Terada, T.; Friesen, A.; Chahal, B.S.; Bell, G.J.; McCargar, L.J.; Boule, N.G. Exploring the variability in acute glycemic responses to exercise in type 2 diabetes. Journal of diabetes research. p. 1-6. 2013.
-Van der Heijden, M.; Van Dooren, F.; Pop, V.J.; Pouwer, F. Effects of exercise training on quality of life, symptoms of depression, symptoms of anxiety and emotional wellbeing in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Diabetologia. Vol. 56. Num. 6. p. 1210-1225. 2013.
-Wang, X.; Youngstedt, S.D. Sleep quality improved following a single session of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in older women: Results from a pilot study, Journal of Sport and Health Science. Vol. 3. Num. 4. p. 338-342. 2004.
-Waryasz, G.R.; McDermott, A.Y. Exercise prescription and the patient with type 2 diabetes: a clinical approach to optimizing patient outcomes. J Am Acad Nurse Pract, Vol. 22. Num. 4. p. 217-227. 2010.
-Yang, P.Y.; Ho, K.H.; Chen, H.C.; Chien, M.Y. Exercise training improves sleep quality in middle-aged and older adults with sleep problems: a systematic review. J. Physiother. Vol. 58. Num. 3. p. 157-163. 2012.
-Yavari, A.; Najafipur, F.; Asgarzade, A.; Niafar, M.; Mobseri, M.; Dabagh Nikokheslat, S. Effects of aerobic training, strength and composition on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients. Med J Tabriz Uni Med Sci. Vol. 33. Num. 4. p. 91-28. 2012.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
