Crossfit® practitioners profile with regard to the prevalence of use of dietary supplements and anabolic androgenic steroids as ergogenic resources
Abstract
Introduction: The use of supplements is widespread in various sports as ergogenic aids but in many cases without proper prescription. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of dietary supplements and anabolic androgenic steroids use among CrossFit practitioners and whether these were prescribed by professionals. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in CrossFit practioners (n=217), who answered a anonymous standardized and pre-coded online questionnaire. Results: Overall, 50.7% of subjects were male, and the sample had an average age of 33.7 ±5.2 years. The prevalence of dietary supplements use was 60.8% and anabolic androgenic steroids was 5.5%. Use of dietary supplements was associated with anabolic androgenic steroids usage (p<0,05). Demographic and socioeconomic variables were not associated with increased use of dietary supplements (p>0.05). Weekly training frequency; physical activity experience before CrossFit; number of years practicing CrossFit and health professional follow-up, were all associated with a higher consumption of supplements (p<0,05). Conclusion: The prevalence of use of anabolic androgenic steroids usage in CrossFit practioners (5.5%). Also the subjects had a high consumption of dietary supplements (60.8%) and in addition, there was a strong correlation between dietary supplements consumption and use of anabolic androgenic steroids.
References
-ANVISA. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Suplementos Alimentares. 6ª edição Brasília. 29 de junho de 2020.
-Aguilar-Navarro, M.; Baltazar-Martins, G.; Souza, D.B.; Muñoz-Guerra, J.; Plata, M.M.; Coso, J. Gender Differences in Prevalence and Patterns of Dietary Supplement Use in Elite Athletes. Res Q Exerc Sport. Vol. 92. Num. 4. 2021. p. 659-668.
-Baltazar-Martins, G.; Souza, D.B.; Aguilar-Navarro, M.; Muñoz-Guerra, J.; Plata, M.M.; Coso, J. Prevalence and patterns of dietary supplement use in elite Spanish athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Vol. 16. Num. 30. 2019. p. 1-9.
-Bezerra, A.S.; Silva, J.S.A. O uso de esteroides anabólicos por praticantes de musculação da cidade de Patos-PB. Revista Brasileira de Nutrição Esportiva. São Paulo. Vol. 16. Num. 47. 2020. p. 123-142.
-Codella, R.; Glad, B.; Luzi, L.; La Torre, A. An Italian campaign to promote anti-doping culture in high-school students. Front Psychol. Vol. 10. Num. 534. 2019. p. 1-5.
-Ekmekci, P.E. Physicians’ Ethical Dilemmas in the Context of Anti-Doping Practices. Ann Sports Med Res. Vol. 3. Num. 7. 2016. p. 1-7.
-Elliot, C.A.; Hamlin, M.J. Combined diet and physical activity is better than diet or physical activity alone at improving health outcomes for patients in New Zealand’s primary care intervention. BMC Public Health. Vol. 18. Num. 1. 2018. p. 1-10.
-Freitas, R.F.; Campos, S.G.O.; Maia, A.C.F.; Benevides, K.F.; Almeida, I.V.; Pereira, E.J. Conhecimentos dos clientes de uma loja de suplementos alimentares sobre a alimentação saudável e fatores associados. Revista Brasileira de Nutrição Esportiva. São Paulo. Vol. 13. Num. 82. 2020. p. 902-911.
-Fogaça, L.J.; Santos, S.L.; Soares, R.C.; Gentil, P.; Naves, J.P.; Santos, W.D. Effect of caffeine supplementation on exercise performance, power, markers of muscle damage, and perceived exertion in trained CrossFit men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. Vol. 60. Num. 2. 2020. p. 181-188.
-Garthe, I.; Maughan, R.J. Athletes and Supplements: Prevalence and Perspectives. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Vol. 28. Num. 2. 2018. p. 126-138.
-Higino, D.D.; Freitas, R.F. Prevalência e fatores associados ao uso de suplementos alimentares e esteroides anabólicos androgênicos em praticantes de CrossFit. Revista Brasileira De Nutrição Esportiva. São Paulo. Vol. 15. Num. 90. 2021. p. 9-23.
-Jager, R.; Kerksick, C.M.; Campbell, B.I.; Cribb, P.J.; Wells, S.D.; Skwiat, T.M. International society of sports nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Vol. 14. Num. 20. 2017. p. 1-25.
-Jawadi, A.H.; Addar, A.M.; Alazzam, A.S.; Alrabieah, F.O.; Alsheikh, A.S.A.; Amer, R.R. Prevalence of Dietary Supplements Use among Gymnasium Users. J Nutr Metab. 2017. p. 1-8.
-Jia, T.; Liu, Y.; Fan, Y.; Wang, L.; Jiang, E. Association of Healthy Diet and Physical Activity With Breast Cancer: Lifestyle Interventions and Oncology Education. Front Public Health. 2022. Vol. 10. 2022. p. 1-12.
-Jovanov, P.; Dordic, V.; Obradović, B.; Barak, O.; Pezo, L.; Marić, A.; et al. Prevalence, knowledge and attitudes towards using sports supplements among young athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Vol. 16. Num. 1. 2019. p. 1-9.
-Kerksick, C.M.; Wilborn, C.D.; Roberts, M.D.; Smith-Ryan, A.; Kleiner, S.M.; Jäger, R. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Vol. 15. Num. 1. 2018. p. 1-57.
-Machado, M.R.; Sanches, A.C.S.; Cornacini, M.C.M. Uso de maltodextrina no pré e intra treino de Crossfit para melhora da performance. Revista Brasileira De Nutrição Esportiva. São Paulo. Vol. 14. Num. 86. 2021. p. 268-280.
-Maroufi, K.; Razavi, R.; Gaeini, A.A.; Nourshahi, M. The effects of acute consumption of carbohydrate-protein supplement in varied ratios on CrossFit athletes' performance in two CrossFit exercises: a randomized cross-over trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. Vol. 61. Num. 10. 2020. p. 1362-1368.
-Maughan, R.J.; Burke, L.M.; Dvorak, J.; Larson-Meyer, D.E.; Peeling, P.; Phillips, S.M. IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. Br J Sports Med. Vol. 52. Num. 7. 2018. p. 439-455.
-Minghelli, B.; Vicente, P. Musculoskeletal injuries in Portuguese CrossFit practitioners. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. Vol. 59. Num. 7. 2019. p. 1213-1220.
-Miskulin, I.; Grbic, D.S.; Miskulin, M. Doping Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices among Young, Amateur Croatian Athletes. Sports. Vol. 9. Num. 2. 2021. p. 1-10.
-Nicolay, R.W.; Moore, L.K.; DeSena, T.D.; Dines, J.S. Upper Extremity Injuries in CrossFit Athletes-a Review of the Current Literature. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. Vol. 15. Num. 5. 2022. p. 402-410.
-Peeling, P.; Binnie, M.J.; Goods, P.S.R.; Sim, M.; Burke, L.M. Evidence-Based Supplements for the Enhancement of Athletic Performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Vol. 28. Num. 2. 2018. p. 178-187.
-Phillips, S.M.; Chevalier, S.; Leidy, H.J. Protein “requirements” beyond the rda: implications for optimizing health. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. Vol. 41. Num. 5. 2016. p. 565-572.
-Rawson, E.S.; Miles, M.P.; Larson-Meyer, D.E. Dietary Supplements for Health, Adaptation, and Recovery in Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Vol. 28. Num. 2. 2018. p. 188-199.
-Ruano, J.; Teixeira, V.H. Prevalence of dietary supplement use by gym members in Portugal and associated factors. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Vol. 17. Num. 11. 2020. p. 1-8.
-Sadowska-Krępa, E.; Domaszewski, P.; Pokora, I.; Zebrowska, A.; Gdańska, A.; Podgórski, T. Effects of medium-term green tea extract supplementation combined with CrossFit workout on blood antioxidant status and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in young men: a pilot study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Vol. 16. Num. 1. 2019. p. 1-9.
-Sagoe, D.; Molde, H.; Andreassen, C.S.; Torsheim, T.; Pallesen, S. The global epidemiology of anabolicandrogenic steroid use: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Annals of epidemiology. Vol. 24. Num. 5. 2014. p. 383-398.
-Szeles, P.R.Q.; Costa, T.S.; Cunha, R.A.; Hespanhol, L.; Pochini, A.C.; Ramos, L.A.; Cohen, M. CrossFit and the Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Prospective 12-Week Cohort Study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol. 8. Num. 3. 2020. p. 1-9.
-Wahlgemuth, K.J.; Arieta, L.R.; Brewer, G.J.; Hoselton, A.L.; Gould, L.M.; Smith-Ryan, A.E. Sex differences and considerations for female specific nutritional strategies: a narrative review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Vol. 18. Num. 1. 2021. p. 1-20.
-Witard, O.C.; Wardle, S.L.; Macnaughton, L.S.; Hodgson, A.B.; Tipton, K.D. Protein considerations for optimizing skeletal muscle mass in healthy young and older adults. Nutrients. Vol. 8. Num. 181. 2016. p. 1-25.
-WADA. World Anti-Doping Agency. Standard prohibited list 2021. Montreal, Canada: World Anti-Doping Agency. 2021.
-WHO. World Health Organization guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2020.
Copyright (c) 2023 Vanessa Comerlatto, Priscila Berti Zanella, Ana Lúcia Hoefel
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
