The effect of meal fractioning on cholesterol reduction
Abstract
Introduction: There is debate today about the risks of an inadequate diet: saturated fat, carbohydrates and salt, but also the low frequency of meals, but rather deepens the evil effects of fractionation of meals for health in the medium and long. Objective: This study proposes to conduct a literature review about what has been published about the effect of splitting meals in reducing cholesterol in humans. After careful bibliographical study of several authors found that there are several publications addressing the subject searched, but in Brazil the issue is still not as discussed as in other countries. This fact is due to the small number of national publications found. Literature review: The review showed that in most studies, the meal frequency around 6 meals a day leads to a lower daily energy intake and a regular control of cholesterol synthesis due to a regular insulin secretion. Thus, just by changing the frequency of food intake to a regular attendance has been a reduction in total cholesterol and LDL. It was also seen that the meal fraction is extremely important for the prevention and treatment of persons with diabetes since insulin sensitivity is directly related to their secretion rate. Conclusions: It is concluded that the correct fractionation of meals is an important factor in lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease, but still it is necessary to make further studies in order to achieve results more concise.
References
-Arnold, L. M.; Ball, M. J.; Duncan, A. W.; Mann, J.Effect of isoenergetic intake of three or nine meals on plasma lipoproteins and glucose metabolism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 57, p. 446-45. 1993.
-Bagdade, J.D.; Porte, D.; Bierman, E.L.; Plasma lipids and diabetes mellitus in an adult community barret. N Engl J Med. Vol. 276. p. 427-33. 1967.
-Bertelsen, J.; Christiansen, C.; Thomsen, C.; e colaboradores. Effect of meal frequency on blood glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes Care, Vol 16, Núm.1. p. 4-7, 1993.
-Chait, A.; Bierman, E.L.; Albers, II.; Low-density lipoprotein receptor activity in cultured human skin fibroblasts: Mechanism of insulin induced stimulation. I Clin Invest. Vol. 64. p.309-19. 1979.
-Chapelot, D.; e colaboradores. Consequence of omitting or adding a meal in man on body composition, food intake, and metabolism. Obes Res. Vol. 14. Núm. 2. p. 215-227. 2006.
-Charron, M.J.; e colaboradores. A glucose transport protein expressed predominately in insulin-responsive tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci. Vol. 86. p. 2535-9. 1989.
-DeFronzo, R.A. Insulinsecretion, insulin resistance and obesity. Int J Obes. Vol. 6. p. 73-9. 1982.
-Dietschy, J. M.; Brown, M. S. Effect of alterations of the specific activity of the intracellular acetyl CoA pool on apparent rates of hepatic cholesterogenesis. Journal of Lipid Research. Vol. 15. p. 508-516. 1974.
-Dinneen, S.; Gerich, J.; Rizza, R. Carbohydrate metabolism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. Vol. 327. p. 707-13. 1992.
-Ducimetiere, P.; Eschwege, E.; Papoz, L.; Richard, J.L.; Claude, J.R.R. Relationship of plasma insulin levels to the incidence of myocardial infection and coronary heart disease mortality in a middle-aged population. Diabetologia. Vol. 19. p. 205-10. 1980.
-Edelstein, S. L.; Barrett-Connor, E. L.; Wingard, D. L.; Cohn, B. A.Increased meal frequency associated with decreased cholesterol concentrations.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 55. p. 664-669. 1992.
-Fabry, P.; Fodor, J.; Hejl, Z.; Geizerova, H.; Balcarova, O. Meal frequency and ischaemic heart-disease. Lancet. Vol. 27. 190-191.1968.
-Fabry, P.; Fodor, J.; Hejl, Z.; Braun, T.; Zvolankova, K.The frequency of meals: its relation to overweight, hypercholesterolaemia, and decreased glucose-tolerance. Lancet. Vol. 6. p.14-61 5. 1964.
-Farshchi, H.R.; Taylor, M.A.; Macdonald, I.A. Beneficial metabolic effects of regular meal frequency on dietary thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and fasting lipid profiles in healthy obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. Vol. 81. p. 16-24. 2005.
-Farshchi, H.R.; Taylor, M.A.; Macdonald, I.A. Regular meal frequency creates more appropriate insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles compared with irregular meal frequency in healthy lean women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 58. p. 1071-1077. 2004.
-Felig,P. Glucagon: physiologic and diabetogenic role. N Eng J Med. Vol. 283. p.149-50. 1970.
-Ferrannini, E.; e colaboradores. Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med. Vol. 317. p.350-7. 1987.
-Gavin, II. Pathophysiologic mechanisms of postprandial hyperglycemia. Am J Cardiol. Vol. 88. suppl 1.p.4H-8H.2001.
-Guyton, A.C. Tratado de Fisiologia Médica. Rio de Janeiro. Guanabara Koogan. 1992.
-Gwinup, G.; Bryon, R.; Rousch, W.; Kruger, F.; Hamwi, G. Effect of nibbling versus gorging on serum lipids in man. Am J ClinNutr. Vol. 13. p. 209-213. 1963.
-Jagannathan, S.N.; Connel, W.F.; Beveridge, J.M. Effects of gormandizing and semicontinuous eating of equicaloric amounts of formula-type high fat diets on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in human volunteer subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. Vol.15. p.90-93.1964.
-Jenkins,D.J. Carbohydrate tolerance and food frequency. British Journal of Nutrition. Vol. 77, Suppl. 1, p.S71S8l. 1997.
-Jenkins, D.J.A.; e colaboradores. Metabolic effects of reducing rate of glucose ingestion by single bolus versus continuous sipping. Diabetes 1990;39:775-8 1.
-Jenkins, D.J.A.; e colaboradores. Metabolic advantages of spreading te nutrient load: effects of increased meal frequencyin non-insulin-dependent diabetes.Am J Clin Nutr. Vol. 55. p. 461-7. 1992.
-Jenkins,D.J.A.; e colaboradores. Nibbling versus gorging: metabolic advantages of increased meal frequency. N EngI J Med. Vol. 32. Núm. 1. p. 929-34. 1989.
-Jenkins, D.J.A.; Ocana, A.; Jenkins, A.L.. Metabolic advantages of spreading the nutrient load: effects of meal frequency in noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. Vol. 55. p. 461-467. 1992.
-Jones, P.P.; Leich, C.A.; Pederson, R.A. Meal frequency effects on plasma hormone concentrations and cholesterol synthesisin humans. Am J Clin Nutr. Vol. 57. p. 868-74. 1993.
-Jones, P. J. H.; hitch, C. A.; Pederson, R. A. Meal-frequency effects on plasma hormone concentrations and cholesterol synthesis in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 57. p. 868-874. 1993.
-Koshland, D.E. Control of enzyme activity and metabolic pathways. Trends Biochem Sci. Vol. 9. p.155-9. 1984.
-Lakshmanan, M.R.; Nepokroeff, C.M.; Ness, G.C.; Dugan, R.E.; Porter, J.W. Stimulation by insulin of rat B-hydroxy-B-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol synthesizing activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Vol. 50. p. 704-10. 1973.
-Lebovitz, H.E. A Symposium: Managing the atherogenic potential of the postprandial state. Am J Cardiol. Vol. 88. Suppl 1. p. 1H-3H 2001.
-McGrath, S. A.; Gibney, M. J.The effects of altered frequency of eating on plasma lipids in free living healthy males on normal self selected diets. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 48. p. 402-407. 1994.
-Meyer, U.; Gressner, A.M. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin. Clinical Chemistry. Vol. 50. Núm. 9. p. 1511-25. 2004.
-Murphy, M.C.; Chapman, C.; Lovegrove, J. A.; Isherwood, S.G.; Morgan, L.M.;Wright, J. W.; Williams, C. M.Meal frequency: does it determine postprandial lipaemia? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 50. p. 491-497. 1996.
-Olefsky, J.M.; Kolterman, O.G.; Scarlett, J.A. Insulin action and resistance in obesity and non-insulin dependent type II diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol. Vol. 243. p.E15-30.1983.
-Oliveira, M.; Sichieri, R. Fracionamento das refeições e colesterol sérico em mulheres com dieta adicionada de frutas ou fibras. Rev. Nutr. Campinas. Vol. 17. Núm. 4. p.449-459. 2004.
-Polonsky, K.S.; e colaboradores. Abnormal patterns of insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. Vol. 318. p. 1231-39. 1988.
-Robert, M.B.; Levy, M.N.; Bruce, M.K.; Bruce, A.S. Fisiologia. São Paulo: 4ª edição. Guanabara Koogan 2000.
-Schalm, S.W.; La Russo, N.F.; Hofmann, A.F. Diurnal serum levels of primary conjugated bile acids. Gut. Vol. 19. p.1006-14. 1978.
-Segura, A.G.; Josse, R.G.; Wolever, T.M. S. Acute metabolic effects of increased meal frequency in Type I1 diabetes: three vs six, nine, and twelve meals. Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolism. Vol. 8. p.331-338.1995.
-Service,F.J.; e colaboradores. Effects of size, time of day and sequence of meal ingestion on carbohydrate tolerance in normal subjects. Diabetologia. Vol. 25. p. 316-21. 1983.
-Shils, M.E.; Olson, J.A.; Shike, M.; Catharine, A.R. Tratado de Nutrição Moderna na Saúde e na Doença. São Paulo.Manole. 2003.
-Weis, E.E.; Barth, C.A. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in rat liver by physiological doses of taurocholate. Eur IBiochem. Vol. 11. p. 479-83. 1980.
-Williamson, D.H.; Ilic, V.J. Effects of short term insulin deficiency on lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis in rat small intestine and liver in vivo. Biochem. Vol. 23. p.221-3. 1985.
-Young, C.M.; Frankel, D.L.; Scanlan, S.S.; Simko, V.; Lutwak, L. Frequency of Feeding, Weight Reduction, and Nutrient Utilization. Journal of the American Dietetic Association.Vol. 59. Núm. 5. p. 473-480. 1971.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
