Low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss: systematic review
Abstract
The obesity is one out of the ten main problems of public health, being considered an epidemic. The excess of calories consumed is clearly associated with the development of overweight/ obesity and its consequences, it is also possible that the quantity of macronutrients interferes on the diet’s results. The objective of this work was to demonstrate through a systematic review the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on the emaciation. It was used as methodology the systematic review, that identifies, selects and evaluates critically researches considered relevant, to give theoretical-practical support for the classification and analysis of the bibliographic research (Liberali, 2008). It was done a review of national and international articles of the last 55 years. The criteria of inclusion were studies with humans that used low-carbohydrate diets for the emaciation and the studies with animals that used ketogenic diet for other purposes (diabetes, epilepsy). The studies showed that the low-carbohydrate diet is a strategy for the emaciation and for the diminution of body mass, so the quantity of each macronutrient (mainly carbohydrate) on the diet may be adjusted according to each individual. Theanalyzed studies demonstrated good results with the ketogenic diet without risk to the health.
References
-Birchwood, B. What's Wrong With Carbohydrat. Can Fam Physician. 1975.
-Bradley, U.; Spence, M.; Courtney, C.; McKinley,M.; Ennis, C.; McCance, D.; McEneny, J.; Bell, P.; YoungI.; Hunter, S. J. Low-Fat Versus Low-Carbohydrate Weight Reduction Diets Effects on Weight Loss, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular: A Randomized Control Trial.American Diabetes Association. Vol. 58. p. 2741-2748, 2009.
-Brehm, B.J.; Seeley, R.J.; DanielsS. R.; D’Alessio, D. A. A Randomized Trial Comparing. A Very Low Carbohydrate Diet and a Calorie-Restricted Low Fat Diet on Body Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Healthy Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. Vol. 88. Num. 4. p.1617-1623, 2003.
-Cassady, B. A.; Charboneau, N. L.; Brys, E.E.; Crouse, K. A.; Beitz, D.; Wilson, T. Effects of low carbohydrate diets high in red meats or poultry, fish and shellfish on plasma lipids and weight loss. Nutrition & Metabolism. Vol. 4. Num. 23. p. 1743-7075. 2007.
-Dashti, H.M.; Mathew, T.C.; Hussein, T.; Asfar, S.; Behbahani, A. Khoursheed, M.; AL-Sayer, H.M.; BO-Abbas, Y.; AL-Zaid, N.S. Long-term effects of a ketogenic diet in obese patients. Clinical Cardiology. Vol. 9. Num. 3. p. 200-205. 2004.
-Diretrizes Brasileiras de Obesidade. Associação Brasileira para o Estudo da Obesidade e da Síndrome Metabólica (ABESO). 2009. Disponível em http://www.abeso.org.br/pagina/261/diretrizes.shtml. Acesso Janeiro 2012
-Frisch, S.; Zittermanni, A.; Berthold, H.K.; Götting, C.; Kuhn, J.; Kleesiek, K.; Stehle, P.; Körtke, H. A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of carbohydrate-reduced or fat-reduced diets in patients attending a telemedically guided weight loss program. Cardiovascular Diabetology. Vol. 8. Num. 1. p. 36, 2009.
-GuedesD. Programas de controle de peso corporal. Atividade física e nutrição. R. Min. Educ. Fís., Viçosa. Vol. 10. Num. 1. p. 64-94. 2002.
-Keys, A; Anderson, J.T.; Grande, F. Prediction of serum-cholesterol responses of man to changes in fats in the diet. Lancet. Vol. 270. Num. 7003. p. 959. 1957.
-Liberali, R. Metodologia Científica Prática: um saber-fazer competente da saúde à educação. Florianópolis: (s.n.), 2008.
-Meckling, K. A.; O’Sullivan, C.;Saari, D. Comparison of a Low-Fat Diet to a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Weight Loss, Body Composition, and Risk Factors for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Free-Living, Overweight Men and Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. Vol. 89. Num. 6. p. 2717-2723, 2004.
-Meckling, K.; Gauthier, M.; Grubb, R.; Sanford, J. Effects of a hypocaloric, low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss, blood lipids, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and body composition in free-living overweight women. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. Vol. 80. Num.11. p. 1095-1105. 2002.
-McArdle, W. D.; KatchV. L.; KatchF. I. Fisiologia do exercício Energia, nutrição e desempenho humano, Rio de janeiro, Guanabara.1996.
-Noakes, M.; Foster, P.R.; Keogh, J.B.; James, A.P.; Mamo, J.C.; Clifton, P.M. Comparison of isocaloric very low carbohydrate/high saturated fat and high carbohydrate/low saturated fat diets on body composition and cardiovascular risk. Nutrition & Metabolism. Vol. 3. Num. 1. p. 7. 2006.
-Noakes, M.; Keogh, J.B.; Foster, P.R.; Clifton, P.M. Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 81. Num. 6. p.1298-1306. 2005.
-OMS. http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/obesity/en/index.html. Controlling the global obesity epidemic. Acesso em 07/01/2012.
-PI-Sunyer. Dietary Practices in Obesity. Bull N Y Acad Med. Vol. 58. Num. 3. 1982.
-Polacow, V.O.; LanchaJunior, A.H. Dietas Hiperglicídicas: Efeitos da Substituição Isoenergética de Gordura por Carboidratos Sobre o Metabolismo de Lipídios, Adiposidade Corporal e Sua Associação com Atividade Física e com o Risco de Doença Cardiovascular. Arq. Bras. EndocrinolMetab. Vol. 51. Num. 3. p. 389-400. 2007.
-Sacks, F.; Bray, G.A.; Carey, V.J.; Smith, S.R.; Ryan, D.H.; Anton, S.D.; McManuS, K.; Champagne, C.M.; Bishop, L.M.; Laranjo, N.; Leboff, S.; Rood, J.C.; DE Jonge, L.; Greenway, F.L.; Loria, C.M.; Obarzanek, E.; Williamson, D.A. Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. Vol. 360. Num. 9. p. 859-873. 2009.
-Samaha, F.F.; Iqbal, N.; Seshadri, P.; Chicano, K.L.; Daily, D.A.; McGrory, J.; Williams, T.; Williams, M.; Gracely, E.J.; Stem, L. A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity. The new england journal of medicine. Massachusetts. Vol. 348. p. 2074-2081. 2003.
-Yancy, W.S.; Olsen, M.K.; Bakst, R.P.; Westman, E.C. A Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet versus a Low-Fat Diet To Treat Obesity and Hyperlipidemia. A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. Vol. 140. p. 769-777, 2004.
-USDA -U.S. Department of Agriculture-. Food Guide Pyramid. Home and Garden Bulletin 252. August, 1992.
-Westman, E.C.; Yancy, W.S.; Edman, J.S.; Tomlin, K.F. Perkins, C.E. Effect of 6-Month Adherence to a Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Program. The American Journal of Medicine. Vol. 113. p.30-36. 2002.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
