Effects of glutamine supplementation on exercise: a systematic review
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate through a systematic review of the effects of glutamine supplementation on exercise to improve athletic performance. The search was conducted in the following databases: Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Capes, US National Library of Medicine (PubMed), LILACS, full texts. English and Portuguese language articles were considered. The period considered for the review was 2005 to the present. The descriptors used for the search of the articles were: glutamine, exercise, glutamine, physical exercise. A total of 702 articles were found. Of these, 12 were used for research articles. We used the following inclusion criteria: studies in humans, research done in the 2005-2015 period and studies using glutamine supplementation without the addition of other supplements. Following the review conducted in this study, it is concluded that there is insufficient data in the literature suggesting the influence of glutamine supplementation on athletic performance. However, there was some findings relating it to the attenuation of the depletion of GSH, protein synthesis, improves sensitivity to insulin after exercise in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and decrease in upper respiratory tract infections. This way must be more research in this area, which will enable the elucidation of the ergogenic role of glutamine supplementation specific populations of athletes, sports, with adequate sample statistically, which will determine needs and fractioning, both athletes and individuals physically active. Thus providing sufficient data to evaluate its effectiveness.
References
-Barbanti, V. Teoria e prática do treinamento desportivo. São Paulo: Edgard Blucher, 1997.
-Bergström, J.; Furst, P.; Noree, L. O.; Vinnars, E. Intracellular free amino acid concentration in human muscle tissue. J Appl Physiol. Vol. 36. p. 693-697. 1997.
-Bowtell, J. L.; e colaboradores. Effect of oral glutamine on whole body carbohydrate storage during recovery from exhaustive exercise. J Appl Physiol. Vol. 86. p. 1770-1777. 1999.
-Braun, W.A.; Von Duvillard, S.P. Influence of carbohydrate delivery on the immune response during exercise and recovery from exercise. Nutrition. Vol. 20. p. 645-650. 2004.
-Brugger, N. A. Respostas imunes agudas ao exercício aeróbico contínuo e cíclico. Rev Bras Ativ Fis. Vol. 3. p. 49-65. 1998.
-Candow, D. G.; Chilibeck, P. D.; Burke, D. G.; e colaboradores. Effect of glutamine supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. Vol. 86. p. 142-149. 2001.
-Carvalho, J. P.; e colaboradores. Glutamine and carbohydrate supplements reduce ammonemia increase during endurance field exercise. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. Vol. 32. p. 1186-1190. 2007.
-Carvalho, T.; e colaboradores. Modificações dietéticas, reposição hídrica, suplementos alimentares e drogas: Comprovação de ação ergogênica e potenciais riscos para a saúde. Rev Bras Med Esp. Vol. 9. p. 1-12. 2003.
-Castell, L.M.; Poortmans, J.R.; Newsholme, E.A. Does glutamine have a role in reducing infections in athletes? Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. Vol. 73. p. 488-490. 1996.
-Castell, L. M.; Newsholme, E. A. Glutamine and the effects of exhaustive exercise upon the immune response. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. Vol. 76. p. 524-532. 1998.
-Castell, L. M.; e colaboradores. Some aspects of the acute phase response after a marathon race, and the effect of glutamine supplementation. Eur J Appl Physiol. Vol. 75. p. 47-53. 1997.
-Castell, L. M.; Newsholme, E. A. The effects of oral glutamine supplementation on athletes after prolonged, exhaustive exercise. Nutrition. Vol. 13. p. 738-742.1997.
-Cruzat, V.F.; Petry, E.R.; Tirapegui, J. Aspectos atuais sobre estresse oxidativo, exercícios físicos e suplementação. Rev Bras Med Esporte. Vol. 13. Núm. 5. 2007.
-Cruzat, V. F. Efeito da suplementação com L-glutamina e L-alanil-L-glutamina sobre parâmetros de lesão muscular e de inflamação em ratos treinados e submetidos a exercício intenso de natação. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. São Paulo, 2008.
-Cruzat, V.F.; Petry, E.R.; Tirapegui, J. Glutamina: Aspectos Bioquímicos, Metabólicos, Moleculares e Suplementação. Rev. Bras. Med. Esporte. Vol. 15. Núm. 5. p. 392-397. 2009.
-Curi, R. Glutamina: metabolismo e aplicações clínicas e no esporte. Rio de Janeiro. Sprint. 2000. 261p.
-Daniel, J. F.; Cavaglieri, C. R. Efeitos da suplementação crônica de glutamina sobre a performance de atletas de futebol da categoria juvenil. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento. Vol. 13. Num. 4. 2005. p. 55-64.
-Fläring, U.B.; e colaboradores. Glutamine attenuates post-traumatic glutathione depletion in human muscle. Clin Sci. Vol. 104. p. 27582. 2003.
-Garcia, J. R. J.; Curi, R. Glutamina e exercício. In: Curi, R. Glutamina –Metabolismo e Aplicações Clínicas e no Esporte. São Paulo: Sprint. p. 243-252. 2000.
-Gardner, M. L. G. Absorption of amino acids and peptides from a complex mixture in the isolated small intestine of the rat. J Physiol. Vol. 253. p. 233-256. 1975.
-Gleeson, M. Dosing and efficacy of glutamine supplementation in human exercise and sport training. J Nutr. Vol. 138. p. 2045S-2049S. 2008.
-Gleeson, M.; Nieman, D.C.; Pedersen, B.K. Exercise, nutrition and immune function. J. Sports Sci. Vol. 22. p. 115-125. 2004.
-Gleenson, M. Interrelationship between physical activity and branched-chain amino acids. J Nutr. Vol. 135. p. 1591-1595. 2005.
-Gleeson,M.; e colaboradores. The effect of severe eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on plasma elastase, glutamine and zinc concentrations. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. Vol. 77. p. 543-546. 1998.
-Gunzer, W.; e colaboradores. Exercise-Induced Immunodepression in Endurance Athletes and Nutritional Intervention with Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat-What Is Possible, What Is Not?. Nutrients. Vol. 4. p. 1187-1212. 2012.
-Haub,M. D.; e colaboradores. Acute L-glutamine ingestion does not improve maximal effort exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. Vol. 38. p. 240-244. 1998.
-Hoffman, J. R.; e colaboradores. Examination of the efficacy of acute L-alanylLglutamineingestion during hydration stress in endurance exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Vol. 7. Num. 8. 2010.
-Jeukendrup, A.E.; Gleeson, M. Sport Nutrition: An Introduction to Energy Production and Performance, 2nd ed.; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2010.
-Keast, D.; e colaboradores. Depression of plasma glutamine concentration after exercise stress and its possible influence on the immune system. Med J Aust. Vol. 162. p. 15-18. 1995.
-Kingsbury, K. J.; Kay, L.; Hjelm, M. Contrasting plasma free amino acid patterns in elite athletes: association with fatigue and infection. Br J Sports Med. Vol. 32. p. 25-33. 1998.
-Klassen, P.; e colaboradores. The pharmacokinetic responses of human to 20 g of alanyl-glutamine dipeptide differ with the dosing protocol but not with gastric acidity or in patients with acute dengue fever. J Nutr. Vol. 130. p. 177-182. 2000.
-Krieger, J. W.; Crowe, M.; Blank, S. E. Chronic glutamine supplementation increases nasal but not salivary IgA during 9 days of interval training. J Appl Physiol. Vol. 97. p. 585-591. 2004.
-Krzywkowski, K.; e colaboradores. Effect of glutamine supplementation on exercise-induced changes inlymphocyte function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. Vol. 281. p. C1259-C1265. 2001.
-Li, P.; Yin, Y. L.; Li, D.; Kim, S. W.; Wu, G. Amino acids and immune function. Br. J. Nutr. Vol. 98. p. 237-252. 2007.
-Manninen, A. H. Protein hydrolysates in sports and exercise: a brief review. J Sports Sci Med. Vol. 3. p. 60-63. 2004.
-Marwood, S.; Bowtell, J. No effect of glutamine supplementation and hyperoxia on oxidative metabolism and performance during high-intensity exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol. 26. Núm. 10. p.1081-1090. 2008.
-Maughan, R.J.; Gleeson, M. The Biochemical Basis of Sports Performance, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2010.
-Mauras, N.; e colaboradores. Effects of glutamine on glycemic control during and after exercise in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. Diabetes Care. Setembro, 2010.
-Mero, A.; e colaboradores. Effect of strength training session on plasma amino acid concentration following oral ingestion of leucine, BCAAs or glutamine in men. Eur J Appl Physiol. Vol. 105. Núm. 2. p. 215-223. 2009.
-Moreira,A.; e colaboradores. Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. Vol. 61. p. 443-460. 2007.
-Newsholme, E. A.; e colaboradores. A biochemical mechanism to explain some characteristics of overtraining. In: Brouns F, ed. Advances in nutrition and sport. Base: Karger, 1991. p. 79-83.
-Novelli, M.; Strufaldi, M.B.; Rogero, M. M.; Rossi, L. Suplementação de Glutamina Aplicada à Atividade Física. R. bras. Ci e Mov. Vol. 15. Núm. 1. p. 109-117. 2007.
-Parry-Billings, M.; e colaboradores. Plasma amino acid concentration in the overtraining syndrome: possible effects on the immune system. Med Sci Sport Exerc. Vol. 24. p. 1353-1358. 1992.
-Pereira, R.F.; Lajolo F.M.; Hirschbruch, M.D. Consumo de suplementos por alunos de academias de ginástica em São Paulo. Rev. Nutr. Vol. 16. Núm. 3. 2003.
-Phillips, S. M. A Brief Review of Critical Processes in Exercise-Induced Muscular Hypertrophy. Sports Med. Vol. 44. Suppl 1. p. S71-S77. 2014.
-Rennie, M. J.; e colaboradores. Branched-chain amino acids as fuels and anabolic signals in human muscle. J Nutr. Vol. 136. p. 264S-268S. 2006.
-Rohde, T.; Maclean, D. A.; Pedersen, B. K. Effect of glutamine supplementation on changes in the immune system induced by repeated exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Vol. 30. p. 856-862. 1998.
-Rohde, T.; e colaboradores. The immune system and serum glutamine during a triathlon. Eur J Appl Physiol. Vol. 74. p. 428-434. 1996.
-Rogero, M. M.; Tirapegui, J. Aspectos atuais sobre glutamina, atividade física e sistema imune. Rev Bras Ciên Farm. Vol. 36. p. 201-212. 2000.
-Rogero, M.M.; Mendes, R.R.; Tirapegui, J., Aspectos Neuroendócrinos e Nutricionais em Atletas Com Overtraining. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia. Vol. 49. Núm. 3. 2005.
-Rogero, M. M.; Tirapegui, J. Considerações nutricionais e bioquímicas da suplementação de glutamina em atletas: controvérsias e aspectos atuais. J Metab Nutr. Vol. 7. p. 106-117. 2003.
-Rogero, M. M.; Tirapegui, J. Glutamina e Atividade Física. In: Tirapegui J. Nutrição, Metabolismo e Suplementação na Atividade Física. 2ed. São Paulo: Editora Atheneu, p. 185-198. 2012.
-Rogero, M. M.; Tirapegui, J. Overtraining –Excesso de treinamento. Nutr Pauta. Vol. 11. p. 23-30. 2003.
-Rogero,M. M.; e colaboradores. Plasma and tissue glutamine response to acute and chronic supplementation with L-glutamine and L-alanyl-L-glutamine in rats. Nutr Res. Vol. 24. p. 261-270. 2004.
-Rowbottom, D. G.; e colaboradores. The emerging role of glutamine as an indicator of exercise stress and overtraining. Sports Med. Vol. 21. p. 80-97. 1996.
-Santos,R. V. T.; e colaboradores. Effects of acute exhaustive physical exercise upon glutamine metabolism of lymphocytes from trained rats. Life Sci. Vol. 80. p. 573-578. 2007.
-Silveira, M. C.; Grittes, S.M.; Navarro, A. C. Glutamina minimiza o estresse causado por liberações de cortisol durante exercício físico prolongado e intenso. Revista Brasileira de Nutrição Esportiva. Vol. 5. Núm. 26. p. 107-113. 2011. Disponível em: <http://www.rbne.com.br/index.php/rbne/article/view/241/235>
-Simon, L.; Liberali, R. Efeitos da suplementação de glutamina no exercício físico: revisão sistemática. Revista Brasileira de Nutrição Esportiva. Vol. 6. Núm. 33. p. 193-201. 2012. Disponível em: <http://www.rbne.com.br/index.php/rbne/article/view/300/303>
-Smith, L. L. Cytokine hypothesis of overtraining: a physiological adaptation to excessive stress? Med Sci Sports Exerc. Vol. 32. p. 317-331. 2000.
-Soeters,P. B.;Grecu,I. Have we enough glutamine and how does it work? A clinician’s view. Ann Nutr Metab. Vol. 60. p. 17-26. 2012.
-Souto, J.; Volpini, M.; Eugenia, T. Análise do consumo de suplementos alimentares entre indivíduos de uma academia de ginástica em São Paulo. Nutrição Profissional. Núm. 24. 2009.
-Tiperagui, J. Nutrição: fundamentos e aspectos atuais. 2ª edição. São Paulo. Atheneu. 2002.
-Valencia, E.; Marin, A.; Hardy, G. Impact of L-glutamine on glutathione, glutamine and glutamate in blood levels in volunteers. Nutrition. Vol. 18. p. 367-370. 2002.
-Varnier, M.; e colaboradores. Stimulatory effect of glutamine on glycogen accumulation in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. Vol. 269. p. E309-E315.1995.
-Vom, D. S; Häussinger, D. Nutritional state and the swelling-induced inhibition of proteolysis in perfused rat liver. J Nutr. Vol. 126. p. 395-402. 1996.
-Walsh, N.P. Exercise, Nutrition and Immune Function. I. Macronutrients and Amino Acids. In Immune Function in Sport and Exercise. Advances in Sport and Exercise Science Series; Gleeson, M., Ed.; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier: Edinburgh, UK. p. 161-181. 2006.
-Walsh, N. P.; e colaboradores. Effect of oral glutamine supplementation on human neutrophil lipopolysaccharide stimulated degranulation following prolonged exercise. Int J Sport Nutr. Vol. 10. p. 39-50. 2000.
-Walsh, N. P.; e colaboradores. Glutamine, exercise and immune function: links and possible mechanisms. Sports Med. Vol. 26. p. 177-191. 1998.
-Walsh, N.P.; e colaboradores. Position statement. Part two: Maintaining immune health. Exerc. Immunol. Rev. Vol. 17. p. 64-103. 2011.
-Welbourne, T. C. Increased plasma bicarbonate and growth hormone after an oral glutamine load. Am J Clin Nutr. Vol. 61. p. 1058-1061. 1995.
-Wilkinson, S. B.;Kim, P. L.; Armstrong, D.; e colaboradores. Addition of glutamine to essential amino acids and carbohydrate does not enhance anabolism in young human males following exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. Vol. 31. p. 518-529. 2006.
-Wilmore, J.H.; Costil, D.L. Fisiologia do esporte e do exercício. 2ª edição. São Paulo. Manole. 2001.
-Woodgate, D.; e colaboradores. The effects oh hight-dose glutamine ingestion on weightfting performance. J Strength Cond Res. Vol. 16. p. 157-160. 2002.
-Wolinsky, I.; Hickson Junior, F. Nutrição no exercício e no esporte. 2ª edição. São Paulo. Roca. 1996.
-Wray,C. J.; e colaboradores. Catabolic response to stress and potential benefits of nutrition support. Nutrition. Vol. 18. p. 971-977. 2002.
-Yang, C. Y.; e colaboradores. Intestinal peptide transport systems and oral drug availability. Pharm Res. Vol. 16. p. 1331-1343. 1999.
-Ziegler,T. R.; e colaboradores. Safety and metabolic effects of L-glutamine administration in humans. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. Vol. 14. p. 137S-146S. 1990.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
