Efectos de la suplementación con probióticos en el rendimiento deportivo: una revisión narrativa
Resumen
La microbiota intestinal se caracteriza por el conjunto de microorganismos (bacterias, hongos, levaduras, fagos y protozoos) que habitan de forma natural en el tracto gastrointestinal de humanos y animales. La diversidad y calidad de la microbiota intestinal están directamente relacionadas con los hábitos alimentarios, así como con el nivel de entrenamiento de los individuos. El ejercicio físico moderado parece promover una mayor diversidad microbiana intestinal, además de una serie de reacciones antiinflamatorias, mejora del metabolismo de los carbohidratos y prevención de enfermedades asociadas al sedentarismo. Sin embargo, el ejercicio físico excesivo promueve cambios o desequilibrios en la microbiota (disbiosis) y favorece un aumento de la permeabilidad de la barrera intestinal (intestino permeable). Esta condición está relacionada con el aumento de citocinas proinflamatorias y producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), inmunosupresión e incluso mayor daño en las fibras musculares. La microbiota intestinal puede ayudar a reducir el estrés oxidativo causado por el ejercicio excesivo. Algunas cepas de bacterias exhiben propiedades antioxidantes a través de la expresión de enzimas antioxidantes y la modulación de la inflamación causada por citocinas proinflamatorias. Considerando los mecanismos involucrados entre el ejercicio físico y la microbiota intestinal, la suplementación de cepas bacterianas parece impactar en el rendimiento deportivo de los atletas ya que ayuda a controlar la inflamación, los procesos de recuperación post-ejercicio y apoya al sistema inmune.
Citas
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